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As Hurricane Ike approached the Gulf Coast, local authorities and emergency managers faced critical decisions, such as when and how to evacuate residents, and when to draft in supplies and aid. Better, more informed, planning could help save thousands of lives and hundreds of millions of dollars, but the unpredictability of storms interferes with effective decision making. An MIT researcher is testing computer software that combines an unprecedented amount of data to help emergency managers make faster, more informed decisions.
Photo: Hurricane Ike hits Cuba\"Evacuation planning is very complicated,\" says Ozlem Ergun, an associate professor and codirector of the Research Center for Humanitarian Logistics, at the Georgia Institute of Technology. \"Given how bad the [2005 hurricane] Katrina process was, it is evident that there is a big need for this to be done in a systematic way.\" To coordinate a hurricane response, emergency managers have to rely on locally-drafted evacuation plans and guidelines provided by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). After the chaotic and poorly planned evacuations carried out during the 2005 hurricane season, new planning procedures were introduced. FEMA uses a computer model to estimate how long it will take to clear a city based on its population, although this model can\'t advise on when and how best to evacuate it.Last week, Hurricane Gustav forced most of south Louisiana to be evacuated - two million people - in just two and a half days. The process went smoothly, perhaps because the memory of Katrina is so fresh in so many people\'s minds.The new software could help authorities avoid future catastrophes by predicting unforeseen problems. The software combines historical hurricane data, current weather conditions, and projected hurricane paths to help authorities work out where a hurricane will most likely strike and how intense it may be. \"The model is more efficient in clearing people over time because it eliminates the confusion that leads to gridlock,\" says Michael Metzger, who developed the model and is a PhD student in the Operations Research Center (ORC), at MIT. The software is also flexible, allowing emergency managers to input their city\'s demographics and geography. And it adopts a novel approach, categorizing a city\'s population into different demographics, such as the elderly, tourists, hospital patients, and families with children, for separate evacuation. In addition, says Metzger, the model considers details of available evacuation routes. For example, as there is only one highway that leads out of Key West, FL, emergency managers would need to phase out evacuations to avoid congestion. This allows the software to provide more finely tuned recommendations, he says. The software can even advise emergency managers when to start bringing in supplies, where to set up shelter locations, and when to call in the National Guard.The new software was built using dynamic programming - a technique often employed to solve problems involving uncertainty and parameters that change over time. \"It evaluates all the different, possible future outcomes of a decision and then works backwards to make a decision at current time,\" says Metzger. Richard Larson, professor of engineering systems and civil and environmental engineering at MIT and Metzger\'s advisor, says that the technique is well proven. Similar approaches are used by American Airlines to determine seat pricing and by football coaches to make real-time strategy decisions.Copyright Technology Review 2008.
Author: Brittany Sauser
Bio.: for MIT Technology Magazine
For more information visit:
MIT Operations Research Center
Research Center for Humanitarian Logistics, Georgia Institute of Technology
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